进出口商品报验的规定(附英文)
国家商检局
进出口商品报验的规定(附英文)
1989年9月1日，国家商检局
前言
为了加强进出口商品报验管理工作，根据《中华人民共和国进出口商品检验法》的有关条款，特制定本规定。
第一条 报验单位
一、有进出口经营权的国内企业；
二、进口商品收货人或其代理人；
三、出口商品生产企业；
四、对外贸易关系人；
五、中外合资、中外合作和外商独资企业；
六、国外企业、商社常驻中国代表机构等。
第二条 报验范围
一、《种类表》内的进出口商品；
二、出口食品卫生检验和检疫，以及出口动物产品的检疫；
三、出口危险品包装容器的性能鉴定和使用鉴定；
四、装运出口易腐烂变质食品的船舱，集装箱等；
五、其它法律或者行政法规规定必须经商检机构检验的进出口商品；
六、我国与进口国主管部门协定必须凭我国商检机构证书方准进口的商品；
七、对外贸易合同、信用证规定由商检机构检验出证的商品；
八、对外贸易关系人申请的鉴定业务；
九、委托检验业务。
有下列情况之一者，商检机构一般不予受理报验：
一、应施检验的出口商品，未经检验已装运出口的；
二、按分工规定，不属商检工作范围的。
第三条 报验时必须提供的单证
一、进口商品报验时，报验人应提供外贸合同、国外发票、提单、装箱单和进口货物到货通知单等有关单证；
申请进口商品品质检验的还应提供国外品质证书，使用说明及有关标准和技术资料，凭样成交的，须加附成交样品；
申请残损鉴定的还应提供理货残损单、铁路商务记录、空运事故记录或海事报告等证明货损情况的有关单证；
申请重（数）量鉴定的还应提供重量明细单，理货清单等；
进口商品经收、用货部门验收或其他单位检验的，应加附有关验收记录，重量明细单或检验结果报告单等；
二、出口商品报验时，报验人应提供外贸合同（确认书），信用证以及有关单证函电等。凭样成交的应提供买卖双方确认的样品。申请预验的商品，应提供必要的检验依据。
经本地区预验的商品需在本地区换证出口时，应加附由该局签发的预验结果单；
经其他商检机构检验的商品，必须加附发运地商检机构签发的“出口商品检验换证凭单”正本。
凡必须向商检机构办理卫生注册及出口质量许可证的商品，必须交附商检机构签发的卫生注册证书、厂检合格单或出口质量许可证。 冷冻、水产、畜产品和罐头食品等须办理卫生证时，必须交附商检机构签发的卫生注册证书及厂检合格单。
三、申请鉴定业务的报验
对外贸易关系人申请的鉴定业务，根据鉴定工作需要应附交有关合同、国外发票、提单（运单）、商务记录、重量明细单，拟装货物清单、舱单、配载图、船方函电或书面说明，海事报告或其它有关证明。
四、申请危险品包装检验的报验
（一）申请危险品包装性能鉴定时，申请人须提供有关产品标准和工艺规程等有关资料；
（二）申请危险品包装使用鉴定时，申请人须提供包装性能鉴定报告及有关单证。
五、申请委托检验的报验
（一）申请人应提交检验样品、列明检验要求，必要时提供有关检验标准或检验方法；
（二）国外委托人委托检验和鉴定业务时，应提供有关函电或资料。
第四条 报验时限和地点
必须经商检机构检验的进口商品到货后，由收货单位或代理接运单位凭《进口货物到货通知单》或其它有关单证向到货口岸或到达站商检机构办理进口商品登记；
《种类表》内的进口商品以及须商检机构检验出证对外索赔的《种类表》外的进口商品，收用货部门或代理人均应在索赔有效期前不少于三分之一的时间内向货物目的地商检机构报验，如索赔期已近，来不及完成检验出证者，报验人须预先向国外办理延长索赔手续；
进口商品的残损检验应在口岸报验；
大宗散装进口商品鉴重一般应在口岸报验；
一批到货分拨数地的进口商品，收货部门或代理人应报请口岸商检机构检验出证，因故不能在口岸进行整批检验的，应申请办理易地检验手续。
出口商品最迟应于报关或装运出口前十天报验，对个别检验周期较长的商品，应留有相应扦样、检验等方面的时间。
第五条 报验要求
一、报验人必须按规定认真填写要求报验的检验申请单，每份申请单只限填报一批商品，做到书写工整，字迹清楚，不得随意涂改，项目填写齐全，译文准确，中英文内容一致，加盖报验单位公章；
二、报验人对所需检验证书的内容如有特殊要求的应预先在检验申请单上申明；
三、申请报验时应按规定缴纳检验费；
四、报验人应预先约定抽样检验、鉴定的时间提供进行抽样和检验鉴定等必要的工作条件；
五、已报验的出口商品，如国外开来信用证修改函时，凡涉及与商检有关的条款，报验单位须及时将修改函送商检机构，办理更改手续；
六、报验人如因特殊原因需撤销报验时，经书面申明原因后，可办理撤销；
七、报验人领取证书时应如实签署姓名和领证时间。对证书应妥善保管，不得丢失。各类证书应各按其特定的范围使用，不得混用。
第六条 证单的更改
一、商检机构签发的各种证单，报验人有正当理由需要更改或者增减内容时，必须向原签证的商检机构申请，并随附原签发的全部证单，经审核同意后，由原商检机构予以更改或者换发有关证单；
二、内地商检机构签发的证书，如发现问题，属于检验项目内容的更改和补充，应由报验人与原签证商检机构联系处理；
三、报验人须严格遵守商检法和有关行政法规的规定，对商检证单不得擅自涂改、伪造、变造和非法转让。
第七条 出运限期
经商检机构检验合格发给检验证书或者放行单的出口商品，一般应在证单签发之日起两个月内装运出口，鲜活类出口商品应当在两周内装运出口。超过上述期限的应向商检机构重新报验，并交回原签发的所有检验证书和放行单。
第八条
第八条 本规定由国家商检局负责解释。
第九条
第九条 本规定自公布之日起实施。
PROVISIONS ON THE APPLICATION FOR INSPECTION OF IMPORT AND EXPORTCOMMODITIES
(Promulgated by the State Administration of Import and Export Com-modity Inspection on August 21, 1989)
Whole Doc.
With a view to strengthening the administrative work of application
for inspection of import and export commodities, these provisions are
formulated in accordance with the relevant articles of the Law of the
People's Republic of China on Import and Export Commodity Inspection.
Article 1 Application Units
(1) Domestic enterprises authorized to engage in import and export
business;
(2) Receivers (consignee) of import commodities or their agents;
(3) Manufacturers producing export commodities;
(4) Parties involved in foreign trade;
(5) Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign
contractual joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises;
(6) Representative offices of foreign enterprises and trade
corporations in China.
Article 2 Scope of Application for Inspection
(1) Import and export commodities included in the List of
Commodities;
(2) Sanitary inspection and quarantine of export food and quarantine
of export animal products;
(3) Performance testing and usage testing of packagings (pressure
vessels or containers) for dangerous export goods;
(4) Vessels and containers used for carrying export perishable food;
(5) Import and export commodities subject to inspection by the
commodity inspe ction authorities under other laws or administrative rules
and regulations;
(6) Commodities which can be permitted for import must be subject to
the certificates issued by the commodity inspection authorities in
accordance with the agreement between the competent departments of China
and those of the importing countries;
(7) Commodities subject to inspection and certification by the
commodity inspection authorities as specified in the foreign trade
contracts or letter of credits;
(8) Superintending and surveying services upon application by the
parties involved in foreign trade;
(9) Inspection services upon entrustment.
The commodity inspection authorities will not accept the application
for inspection, if there is any one of the following conditions:
(1) Export commodities subject to inspection have been shipped out
without inspection;
(2) Commodities do not belong to the scope of commodity inspection in
accordance with the division of work.
Article 3 Documents / Certificates Required for Application for Inspection
(1) The applicants when applying for inspection of import
commodities, shall submit the foreign trade contracts, foreign invoices,
bill of lading, packing list and the Notice for Arrival of Imported Goods;
Those applying for quality inspection of import commodities shall
submit the quality certificates of foreign countries, instruments of usage
relative standards and technical materials. If the contract is concluded
based on samples, the transaction samples must be attached accordingly;
Those who applying for survey on damage goods shall submit the
relative documents/certificates, such as tallying sheet of damage goods,
the railway commercial records, the air accident records or the marine
reports;
Those who applying for weight (quantity) survey shall submit the
description of weight and tallying sheet, etc.;
Import commodities subject to inspection and receipt by the receivers
and end-users, or subject to inspection by other units, are required to be
attached with the inspection and receipt records, weight description and
report of inspection findings.
(2) The applicants when applying for inspection of export commodities
shall submit foreign trade contracts, (confirmation letters), L/C and
relative documents/certificates and letters. If the contract is concluded
based on samples, the samples confirmed by two parties are required to be
attached. Those who apply for preliminary inspection of export commodities
shall submit the necessary inspection basis.
If the commodities subject to preliminary inspection are to be
exported against the inspection certificates issued by the local commodity
inspection authorities the preliminary inspection results shall be
attached.
Commodities subject to inspection by the other commodity inspection
authorities must be attached with the original copy of "List of Exchanging
Inspection Certificates of Export Commodities".
Any commodities which must make sanitary registration and export
quality license with the commodity inspection authorities shall be
attached with the sanitary registration certificates issued by the
commodity inspection authorities, the qualified inspection report issued
by the factory or the export quality license.
If frozen, aquatic, animal products and canned food are required to
go through formalities for sanitary registration certificates, the
sanitary registration certificates issued by the commodity inspection
authorities and the qualified inspection report issued by the factory must
be presented to the commodity inspection authorities.
(3) Application for inspection of superintending and surveying
services The pa rties involved in foreign trade when applying for
superintending and surveying services shall submit the relevant contracts,
foreign invoices, bill of lading (transport bill of lading), commercial
records, weight descriptions, cargo manifests, storage plan, letters by
shippers or writing instruments, marine reports or other relative
certificates.
(4) Application for inspection of packaging inspection of dangerous
goods
((1)) The applicants when applying for testing on performance of
packagings of dangerous goods must submit the relevant documents such as
standards for products and processing specifications, etc.;
((2)) The applicants when applying for testing on usage of packagings
of dangerous goods must submit the performance testing report and the
relative documents and certificates.
(5) Application for inspection of entrustment inspection
((1)) The applicants shall submit the samples for inspection and
state the inspection requirements, and if necessary shall submit the
relevant standard for inspection or inspection methods;
((2)) Foreign parties when applying for entrustment inspection and
surveying services shall submit the relevant letters and materials.
Article 4 Time-limit and Place of Application for Inspection
After arrival of the import commodities which are subject to
inspection by the commodity inspection authorities, the receivers or the
forwarding agents shall make registration for import commodities with the
commodity inspection authorities located at the arrival port or the
station of arrival against the "Notice of Arrival of Imported Goods" or
other relative documents/certificates;
For import commodities which are included in the List of Commodities
and for import commodities which are not included in the List of
Commodities, but subject to inspection certificates issued by the
commodity inspection authorities, against which claim may be claimed, the
receivers and end-users or their agents shall apply for inspection to the
commodity inspection authorities located at the destination of goods
within the time-limit at least before 1/3 valid period for claim. If the
valid period for claim is limited to accomplish the inspection procedures
for issuing certificates the applicants must make an application for
extension of the claim period with the foreign parties in advance;
Application for inspection of damage survey on damaged import
commodities are in general made at the arrival port;
Application for inspection of weight survey on large quantity of
import commodities in bulk are in general made at the arrival port;
For a batch of import commodities which will be distributed to
several places, the receivers or their agents shall apply to the commodity
inspection authorities located at the port for inspection and issuance of
certificates. Those which can not be inspected at the port by batches due
to some certain reasons shall apply for inspection at another place.
For export commodities, application for inspection shall be made at
least 10 days before declaration to the Customs or before shipment. For
some special export commodities which need longer time for inspection,
appropriate time shall be kept for sampling and inspection.
Article 5 Requirements of Application for Inspection
(1) The applicants must fill in the application in accordance with
the requirements. Being of clear writing, accurate, complete in filled
items, and identical Chinese and English version, and with stamps of the
application units, one copy of the application is only to refer to one
batch on commodities. No change or alternation of the contents of the
application can be made;
(2) If the applicants, have some special requirements about the
contents of the inspection certificate, they shall make a statement on the
application of inspection in advance;
(3) The applicants when applying for inspection shall pay the
inspection fee in accordance with the provisions;
(4) The applicants shall arrange the time for sampling inspection
procedures, and testing and provide the necessary working conditions for
sampling, inspection and testing.
(5) For export commodities which have completed the application
procedures for inspection, if the L/C is required to be revised by foreign
letters, which refers to some commodity inspection clauses, the applicants
must present the revised letter to the commodity inspection authorities
and go through the formalities for modifying the clauses related.
(6) The applicants when withdrawing the application for inspection
due to some special reasons, shall proceed with the cancellation of
application for inspection by making a written statement.
(7) The applicants, what taking the inspection certificates shall
sign their accurate names and time, and keep the certificate in a proper
way. The various kinds of certificates shall be used in accordance with
their special requirements and will not be mixed up for use.
Article 6 Modification of Certificates and Documents
(1) The applicants when deemed necessary, have reasonable reasons to
require t o modify or add/remit the contents of the various kinds
certificates and documents issued by the commodity inspection authorities,
they must make an application to the original commodity inspection
authority which issued the certificates and present all the certificates
and documents originally issued. Subject to examination and approval, the
relevant certificates documents may be modified or reissued by the
original commodity inspection authority.
(2) If the inspection certificates issued by the inland commodity
inspection authorities are found some problems which refer to the
modification and the contents of inspection items, the applicants shall
contact with the original commodity inspection authority which issued the
inspection certificate to deal with the relative matters.
(3) The applicants must strictly abide by the Law of the People's
Republic of China on Import and Export Commodity Inspection and the
relevant administrative laws, rules and regulations, no commodity
inspection certificates can be allowed purposely to be altered, falsified,
remade and illegally assigned.
Article 7 The Time-limit for Shipment
The export commodities subject to inspection by the commodity
inspection authorities which have been issued the inspection certificate
or releasing notices shall be in general shipped out within 2 months since
the date of issuing the certificates or documents, while the fresh and
live commodities shall be shipped out within two weeks. If the export
commodities are not shipped out within the above- mentioned time-limit,
the application for reinspection must be made with the commodity
inspection authorities, and all inspection certificates and releasing
notices issued originally must be returned respectively.
Article 8
The right of interpreting these Provisions resides in the State
Administration of Import and Export Commodity Inspection.
Article 9
These Provisions shall go into effect on the date of their
promulgation.
论信用保险的法律性质
佟刚
【正文】
信用保证保险的概念及历史
09年修订的《保险法》并未提出信用保证保险的概念，而是在第95条中以法律条文的形式将保证保险和责任保险并列：财产保险业务包括财产损失保险、责任保险、信用保险、保证保险等保险业务。在理论和实务中，保证保险和责任保险的区分多有争议，一般将二者合称信用保证保险。
保证保险属财产保险的一种，是指由作为保证人的保险人为作为被保证人的被保险人向权利人提供担保的一种形式，如果由于被保险人的作为或不作为不履行合同义务，致使权利人遭受经济损失，保险人向被保险人或受益人承担赔偿责任[1]。早在18世纪末的欧洲，商人们就开办了忠诚保证保险，这是保证保险的开端。
信用保险由商业信用保险、出口信用保险、投资保险构成，是指权利人向保险人投保债务人的信用风险的一种保险。一战结束后，为了本国出口贸易的顺利进行，英国政府成立了出口信用担保局，并创立了一套完整的信用保险制度；1934年，英法意西四国的信用保险机构联合成立了“伯尔尼联盟”，一方面相互交流出口信用保险信息，一方面在追偿方面开展合作，这些是信用保险的滥觞。
比较而言，我国的信用保证保险发展较晚。信用保险方面，1983年初，人保上海分公司对中行上海分行的一笔船舶买贷提供中长期信用险；1986年人保试办短期出口信用险；1988年，国务院正式决定由人保试办出口信用保险业务；1994年以后，我行也开始经办各种出口信用保险业务；2001年，中信保成立。保证保险方面，我国目前有多家保险公司开办，具体险种主要有国内工程履约保险、对外承包工程的投标、履约和供货保证保险、产品质赶保证保险、住房贷款保证保险、汽车贷款保旺保险、雇员忠诚保证保险等。
信用保证保险下，信用保险与保证保险的区分
两者的概念及相互关系曾经较为混乱。1997年中国人民银行《关于‘保证保险''业务的批复[2]》曾经将“保证保险”业务归为信用保险业务的门类之一。
随后，两者的并列、同时作为财产保险子概念的关系逐步确立。2004年保监会的《保险公司管理规定》第47条规定，经保监会核定财保公司方可经营信用保险和保证保险，即已经将两者并列。之后的《保险法》第95条又将两者确立为财产保险的子概念。
根据我国的保险理论，一般将被保险人根据权利人的要求，向保险公司要求担保自己信用的保险称为保证保险；将权利人要求保险公司担保被保证人信用的保险称为信用保险。保证保险主要包括履约保证保险和雇员忠诚保证保险，信用保险主要包括出口信用保险、投资保险、国内商业信用保险。
从理论上讲，虽然信用保险和保证保险的保险标的均为被保险人的信用风险，但两者也有区别：
1.投保人不相同。信用保险是保险人根据权利人的请求担保被保险人信用的保险；而保证保险是义务人自己根据权利人的要求，要求保险人担保自己信用的保险。
2.按不同的社会和经济功能区分。信用保险被认为是对债务不履行损害的填补，以事后信用救济为目的；保证保险将保证保险化，以事前提供信用为目的。
3.按照适用担保法还是保险法来区分。认为保证保险适用担保法而信用保险是纯粹的保险。
4.综合考虑所承保的风险和投保人两个因素，加以区分。在《最高院关于审理保险纠纷案件若干问题的解释（征求意见稿）》中，信用风险被认为是“债权人”投保的“非正常商业信用风险”；保证保险被认为是“债务人”投保的“为保证合同债务履行”。[3]
需要说明的是，以上为学者的理论探讨。实务中，以上区分点的逻辑是存在瑕疵的。针对第一点，国外的忠诚保证保险中雇主也可以投保；在我国的出口信用保险中，债务人也可以以贷款银行为受益人而投保。针对第二点，很难自圆其说。针对第三点，实务界素有争议，本文下一节也将重点探讨。但无论我国还是世界其他国家，均倾向于两者都适用保险法。针对第四点，该分类的缺点在于将“债务人”投保的“非正常商业风险”和“债权人”投保的“为保证合同债务履行”排除在外。
因此，不得不说，信用保险和保证保险的名称分类中，语言习惯的因素很大程度上压过了法律逻辑。断然列出若干理由将两者从法律逻辑上分得泾渭分明是过于武断的。实务也多根据保险品种的名称区分而已，保险界同仁并无需探究两者法律上的性质。于是，至少自圆其说的通说形成以前，笔者还是建议多数场合下将两者合称信用保证保险为妥。
信用保证保险与保证的区分
信用保证保险的外延之争比较前文所述其内涵之争有过之而无不及，主要集中在信用保证保险和保证的外延区分上。信用保证保险是单纯的保险合同，亦或是一种保证合同，将产生不同的影响。
第一，监管机构和金融牌照不同。如果是保险产品的一种，发行人应取得相关的产品准入并接受保监会的管理；如果是保证合同的一种，各种主体在法律法规没有禁止的情况下均可对外保证。第二，适用法律不同。保险合同适用保险法，保证合同适用担保法。第三，保险产品中有法律默示规定的最大诚信原则。第四，保险法明确将可保利益作为其基石，但担保法没有相关要求。第五，我国法律规定保证具有从属性[4]，而保证保险的效力不受被保险债权的合同效力的影响[5]。第六，保证法律体系下有独特的诉讼时效和保证期间制度，与保险相关的时效问题显然不同。第七，承担责任的方式不同。保证合同的责任方式有一般保证责任和连带保证责任之分，而保险合同的保险人承担的是保险责任，只要约定的保险事故发生，保险人就应赔付要求承担赔偿责任。第八，如果将信用保证保险合同理解为保证合同，在同一基础债权上信用保证保险与其它物保并存时，根据物权法第176条，无约定或约定不明时，将区分是否由债务人提供了物保。如果以上情况下债务人同时提供了物保，债权人将无法向保险公司要求赔偿。如果将信用保证保险合同理解为保险合同，自然无此限制。
探讨首先从理论界开始。不同领域学者的观点各不相同，保险界的学者多主张信用保证保险是一种保险，金融界的学者则多认为保证保险是担保。持“保证说”观点的学者认为：“保证保险合同实际属于保证合同的范畴，只不过采用了保险的形式，保证保险是一种由保险人开办的担保业务[6]”。持“保险说”的观点认为：“保证保险合同的法律性质区别于保证合同，并非担保方法[7]”，保证保险是“保险公司以‘保证’形式经营的一种新型保险业务，而不是以‘保险’形式经营的担保业务”[8]。
在实务界，最高院对类似纠纷所作出的司法判例则显示出这两种观点在我国司法界的碰撞与融合。
最高法院1998经终字第291号判决明确适用担保法[9]。“在保证保险中，义务人是投保人，义务人以保险公司为保证人，为自己的信用担保，在其信用发生危机的时候，由保险人来代位履行义务”；“基于该险种的特殊性，以普通财产保险的法律规定不能调整该险种所涉及的三方当事人之间形成的法律关系。所以，从其所形成的民事法律关系来看，更符合保证的法律特征”；“对这一关系应适用《中华人民共和国担保法》及相关的司法解释予以调整”。
